The National Park Service (NPS) has been at the forefront of the e-bike debate in the United States by permitting these modern marvels of micro-mobility on trails in national parks where regular, "analog" bike use is allowed.
To implement NPS' electric bicycle (e-bike) regulation of December 2020, a comprehensive literature review was conducted to assist superintendents with management decisions related to e-bikes. The park service has produced a detailed literature overview of nearly 60 e-bike studies.
This is the list of literature used in the study.
E-bike Studies
Topic | Author | Source | Publication Year | Title |
Accessibility | Gerow, B. | Singletracks | 2020 | |
Accessibility | Gordon, E., Shao, Z., Xing, Y., & Wang, Y. | TRB 2013 Annual Meeting | 2012 | Experiences of Electric Bicycle Users in the Davis/Sacramento, California Area. |
Accessibility | Jeljis, B., Heutink, J., de Waard, D., Brookhuis, K., & Melis-Dankers, B. | Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour | 2020 | How visually impaired cyclists ride regular and pedal electric bicycles. |
Accessibility | Leger, S., Dean, J., Edge, S., & Casello, J. | Transportation Research Part A | 2019 | If I had a regular bicycle, I wouldn’t be out riding anymore. |
Accessibility | MacArthur, J., McNeil, N., Cummings, A., & Broach, J. | Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board | 2020 | Adaptive Bike Share: Expanding Bike Share to People with Disabilities and Older Adults. |
Accessibility | Ruvolo, M. | UCLA Institute of Transportation Studies | 2020 | Access Denied? Perceptions of New Mobility Services Among Disabled People in San Francisco. |
Accessibility; Health and Wellness | Leyland, L., Spencer, B., Beale, N., Jones, T., & van Reekum, C. | PLoS ONE | 2019 | The effect of cycling on cognitive function and well-being in older adults. |
Accessibility; Safety; User Conflict | MacArthur, J., Harpool, M. Scheppke, D., & Cherry, C. | Portland State University Transportation Research and Education Center | 2017 | |
Environment and Natural Resources | Abagnale, C., Cardone, M., Iodice, P., Strano, S., Terso, M., & Vorraro, G. | Energy Procedia | 2015 | A Dynamic Model for the Performance and Environmental Analysis of an Innovative e-bike. |
Environment and Natural Resources | Chavez, D., Winter, P., & Bass, J. | Journal of Parks and Recreation Administration | 1993 | |
Environment and Natural Resources | Cushman, H., Cooper, M., Meentemeyer, R., & Benson, S. | USFS | 2008 | |
Environment and Natural Resources | Elliott, T., McLaren, S., & Sims, R. | Sustainable Production and Consumption | 2018 | |
Environment and Natural Resources | Hall, C., Ho, T., Julian, C., Whight, G., Chaney, R., Crookston, B., & West, J. | JMIR | 2019 | Pedal-Assist Mountain Bikes: A Pilot Study Comparison of the Exercise Response, Perceptions, and Beliefs of Experienced Mountain Bikers. |
Environment and Natural Resources | Hedquist, S.L., Ellison, L.A., & Laurenzi, A. | Advances in Archaeological Practice | 2014 | Public Lands and Cultural Resource Protection: A Case Study of Unauthorized Damage to Archaeological Sites on the Tonto National Forest, Arizona. |
Environment and Natural Resources | Herrero J. & Herrero, S. | Parks Canada | 2000 | Management Options for the Moraine Lake Highline Trail: Grizzly Bears and Cyclists. |
Environment and Natural Resources | Honkonen, K. | U.S. Forest Service | 2021 | |
Environment and Natural Resources | International Mountain Bicycling Association | International Mountain Bicycling Association | 2016 | A Comparison of Environmental Impacts from Mountain Bicycles, Class 1 Electric Mountain Bicycles, and Motorcycles: Soil Displacement and Erosion on Bike-Optimized Trails in a Western Oregon Forest. |
Environment and Natural Resources | International Mountain Bicycling Association | International Mountain Bicycling Association | 2016 | Trail Use and Management of Electric Mountain Bikes: Land Manager Survey Results. |
Environment and Natural Resources | Jefferson County Colorado Open Space | Jefferson County Colorado Open Space | 2017 | |
Environment and Natural Resources | Ji, S., Cherry, C., Bechle, M., Wu, Y., & Marshall, J. | Environmental Science and Technology | 2011 | |
Environment and Natural Resources | Kantor, S., Wisdom, M., & Johnson, B. | US Department of Agriculture | 2019 | |
Environment and Natural Resources | Larson, C. L., Reed, S. E., Merenlender, A. M., & Crooks, K.R. | PLOS ONE | 2016 | Effects of Recreation on Animals Revealed as Widespread through a Global Systematic Review. |
Environment and Natural Resources | Larson, C.L., Reed, S.E., Merenlender, A.M., & Crooks, K.R. | Conservation Science and Practice | 2019 | A meta-analysis of recreation effects on vertebrate species richness and abundance. |
Environment and Natural Resources | Legagneux, P. & Ducatez, S. | Biology Letters | 2013 | European birds adjust their flight initiation distance to road speed limits. |
Environment and Natural Resources | Li, T., Qian, F., & Su, C. | Applied Mechanics and Materials | 2014 | Energy consumption and emission of pollutants from electric bicycles. |
Environment and Natural Resources | Liu, X., Ren, D., Hsu, H., Feng, X., Xu, G., Zhuang, M., Gao, H., Lu, L., Han, X., Chu., Z., Li, J., He, X., Amine, K., & Ouyang, M. | Joule | 2018 | Thermal Runaway of Lithium-Ion Batteries without Internal Short Circuit. |
Environment and Natural Resources | Lyon, L. Jack, & Burcham, M.G | U.S. Forest Service | 1998 | |
Environment and Natural Resources | Lyon, L. Jack, and Burcham, M.G. | USFS | 1998 | |
Environment and Natural Resources | MacArthur, J., McQueen, M., & Cherry, M. | Portland State University Transportation Research and Education Center | 2019 | The E-Bike Potential: Addressing Our Climate Crisis by Incentivizing Active Transportation. |
Environment and Natural Resources | Machedon-Pisu, M. & Borza, P. | Energy Procedia | 2020 | Are Personal Electric Vehicles Sustainable? A Hybrid E-Bike Case Study |
Environment and Natural Resources | Marion, J. & Wimpey, J. | MTB Environmental Impact Study | 2017 | Environmental Impacts of Mountain Biking: Science Review and Best Practices. |
Environment and Natural Resources | McCarran, T. & Carpenter, N. | Efficiency Vermont | 2018 | |
Environment and Natural Resources | McQueen, M. & MacArthur, J. | TREC/Portland State University | 2020 | Can Incentivizing E-bikes Support GHG Goals? Launching the New EV Incentive Cost and Impact. Tool. |
Environment and Natural Resources | Mellino, S., Petrillo, A., Cigolotti, V., Autorino, C., Jannelli, E., & Ulgiati, S. | International Journal of Hydrogen Energy | 2017 | A Life Cycle Assessment of lithium battery and hydrogen-FC powered electric bicycles: Searching for cleaner solutions to urban mobility |
Environment and Natural Resources | Naylor, L.M., Wisdom, M.J., & Anthony, R.G. | Journal of Wildlife Management | 2009 | Behavioral Responses of North American Elk to Recreational Activity. |
Environment and Natural Resources | Newsome, D. & Davies, L. | Journal of Ecotourism | 2009 | A case study in estimating the area of informal trail development and associated impacts caused by mountain bike activity in John Forrest National Park, Western Australia. |
Environment and Natural Resources | Nielson, T., Palmatier, S.M., Proffitt, A., & Marotti, M. | Boulder County Parks & Open Space | 2019 | |
Environment and Natural Resources | Phillips, G. & Alldredge, A. | Journal of Wildlife Management | 2000 | Reproductive success of elk following disturbance by humans during calving season. |
Environment and Natural Resources | Pickering, C.M., Hill, W., Newsome, D., & Leung, Y. | Journal of Environmental Management | 2009 | Comparing hiking, mountain biking and horse riding impacts on vegetation and soils in Australia and the United States of America. |
Environment and Natural Resources | Proffitt, K.M., Gude, J.A., Hamlin, K.L., & Messer, M.A. | Journal of Wildlife Management | 2013 | Effects of hunter access and habitat security on elk habitat selection in landscapes with a public and private land matrix. |
Environment and Natural Resources | Quigley, T.M. & Bigler Cole, H. | US Forest Service | 1997 | The Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project: scientific assessment. |
Environment and Natural Resources | Quinn, M. & Chernoff, G. | Miistakis Institute | 2010 | |
Environment and Natural Resources | Robinson, C., Dunker, P.N., & Beazley, K.F. | Environmental Reviews | 2010 | Science and Policy Brief, Habitat Fragmentation from Roads: Travel Planning Methods to Safeguard Bureau of Land Management Lands. |
Environment and Natural Resources | Rowland, M.M., Wisdom, M.J., Johnson, B.K., & Kie, J.G. | Journal of Wildlife Management | 2000 | |
Environment and Natural Resources | Schmor, M.R. | University of Calgary | 1999 | An exploration into bear deterrents, as related to mountain biking, and the design of an ultrasonic bear warning device. |
Environment and Natural Resources | Stokowski, P.A. & LaPointe, C.B. | University of Vermont School of Natural Resources | 2000 | |
Environment and Natural Resources | Switalski, A. | Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism | 2018 | Off-highway vehicle recreation in drylands: A literature review and recommendations for best management practices. |
Environment and Natural Resources | Switalski, A. | Winter Wildlands Alliance | 2014 | Snowmobile Best Management Practices for Forest Service Travel Planning: A Comprehensive Literature Review and Recommendations for Management. |
Environment and Natural Resources | Switalski, A. & Jones, A. | Journal of Conservation Planning | 2012 | Off-road vehicle best management practices for forestlands: A review of scientific literature and guidance for managers. |
Environment and Natural Resources | Switalski, T.A. & Jones, A. | Journal of Conservation Planning | 2012 | Off-road vehicle best management practices for forestlands: A review of scientific literature and guidance for managers. |
Environment and Natural Resources | Taylor, A.R. & Knight R.L. | Ecological Applications | 2003 | Wildlife responses to recreation and associated visitor perception. |
Environment and Natural Resources | Thurston, E., & Reader, R. J. | Environmental Management | 2001 | |
Environment and Natural Resources | Trombulak, S.C. & Frissell, C.A. | Conservation Biology | 2001 | Review of ecological effects of roads on terrestrial and aquatic communities. |
Environment and Natural Resources | U.S. Forest Service | U.S. Forest Service | 2011 | |
Environment and Natural Resources | Uteng, T. P., Uteng, A., & Kittilsen, O. J. | Norwegian Centre for Transport Research | 2019 | |
Environment and Natural Resources | Vandeman, M.J. | ARPN Journal of Science and Technology | 2014 | The Impacts of Mountain Biking on Wildlife and People A Review of the Literature. |
Environment and Natural Resources | Weiss, M., Dekker, P., Moro, A., Scholz, H., & Patel, M. K. | Transportation Research: Part D | 2015 | On the electrification of road transportation – A review of the environmental, economic, and social performance of electric two-wheelers. |
Environment and Natural Resources | WildEarth Guardians | WildEarth Guardians | 2020 | The Environmental Consequences of Forest Roads and Achieving a Sustainable Road System. |
Environment and Natural Resources | Wisdom, M., Holthausen, R.S., Wales, B.C., Hargis, C.D., Saab, V.A., Lee, D.C., Hann, W.J., Rich, T.D., Rowland, M.M., Murphy, W.J., & Eames, M.R. | US Department of Agriculture | 2000 | Source habitats for terrestrial vertebrates of focus in the interior Columbia basin: broadscale trends and management implications, Volume 1. |
Environment and Natural Resources | Wisdom, M., Preisler, H.K., Naylor, L.M., Anthony, R.G., Johnson, B.K., & Rowland, M.M | Forest Ecology and Management | 2018 | |
Environment and Natural Resources | Wisdom, M.J., Ager, A.A., Preisler, H.K., Cimon, N.J., & Johnson, B.K. | Transactions of the 69th North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference | 2004 | |
Environment and Natural Resources | Woodcock, J., Abbas, A., Ullrich, A., Tainio, M., Lovelace, R., Sa, T., Westgate, K., & Goodman, A. | TREC/Portland State University | 2018 | |
Environment and Natural Resources | Xu, Z., Liu, Z., & Sun, S. | 10th Asia Pacific Transportation Development Conference | 2014 | Analysis of Impacts on Environment from Electric Bicycles: A Case Study of Xi'an, China. |
Environment and Natural Resources; Safety; User Conflict | Nielson, T., Palmatier, S. M., & Proffitt, A. | Boulder County Parks & Open Space | 2019 | Literature Review: Recreation Conflicts on Emerging E-bike Technology |
Equity | Alamelu, R., Anushan, C. S., & Selvabaskar, S. G. | Business: Theory & Practice | 2015 | Preference of E-Bike by Women in India-a Niche Market for Auto Manufacturers. |
Equity | Clelow, R. | Populus | 2018 | |
Equity | Dill, J. & Rose, G. | TRB | 2012 | E-Bikes and Transportation Policy: Insights from Early Adopters. |
Equity | Fyhri, A., Johansson, O., & Bjornskau, T. | Accident Analysis & Prevention | 2019 | Gender Differences in Accident Risk with E-Bikes – Survey Data from Norway. |
Equity | Lee, D. | City University of New York Academic Works. | 2018 | Delivering Justice: Food Delivery Cyclists in New York City. |
Equity | Stowell, H. | Institute of Transportation Engineers | 2020 |
Equity | Yanocha, D. & Allan, M. | Institute for Transportation and Development Policy | 2019 | The Electric Assist: Leveraging E-bikes and E-scooters for more Livable Cities. |
General | Banks, N. | Forbes | 2018 | Looking for the Ultimate Urban Toy? Introducing SWIND EB-01. |
General | Bureau of Land Management | Bureau of Land Management | 2014 | |
General | Council on Environmental Quality | Council on Environmental Quality | 1979 | |
General | Havlick, D. | Island Press | 2002 | No Place Distant: Roads and Motorized Recreation on America's Public Lands. |
General | MacArthur, J. & Kobel, N. | National Institute for Transportation and Communities | 2014 | |
General | McQueen, M., MacArthur, J., & Cherry, C. | Transportation Research and Education Center | 2019 | How E-bike Incentive Programs are Used to Expand the Market. |
General | Mimiaga, J. | Durango Herald | 2019 | |
General | National Conference of State Legislatures | National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) | 2019 | |
General | Road Bike | Road Bike | n.d. | |
General | Switalski, A. | Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism | 2018 | Off-highway vehicle recreation in drylands: A literature review and recommendations for best management practices. |
General | Transportation Research and Education Center | Transportation Research and Education Center | 2017 | |
General | US GAO | US GAO | 2009 | FEDERAL LANDS Enhanced Planning Could Assist Agencies in Managing Increased Use of Off-Highway Vehicles. |
Health and Wellness | Alessio, H., Reiman, T., Kemper, B., von Carlowitz, W., Bailer, J., & Timmerman, K. | Translational Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine | 2021 | Metabolic and Cardiovascular Responses to a Simulated Commute on an E-Bike. |
Health and Wellness | Bourne, J., Page, A., Leary, S., Andrews, R., England, C., & Cooper., A. | BMC Pilot and Feasibility Studies | 2019 | Electrically assisted cycling for individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial. |
Health and Wellness | Bourne, J., Sauchelli, S., Perry, R., Page, A., Leary, S., England, C., & Cooper, A. | International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity | 2018 | Health benefits of electrically-assisted cycling: a systematic review. |
Health and Wellness | Castro, A., Gaupp-Berghausen, M., Dons, E., Standaert, A., Laeremans, M., Clark, A., Anaya-Boig, E., Cole-Hunter, T., Avila-Palencia, I., Rojas-Rueda, D., Nieuwenhuijsen, M., Gerike, R., Panis, L.I., de Nazelle, A., Brand, C., Raser, E., Kahlmeier, S., Götschi, T., & PASTA Consortium | Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives | 2019 | Physical activity of electronic bicycle users compared to conventional bicycle users and non-cyclists: Insights based on health and transport data from an online survey in seven European cities. |
Health and Wellness | De Geus, D. & Hendriksen, I. | Cycling Futures: From Research into Practice. | 2015 | Cycling for transport, physical activity and health: what about Pedelecs? |
Health and Wellness | Duarte, G., Mendes, M., & Baptista, P. | INSTICC Press INSTICC INSTICC | 2014 | |
Health and Wellness | Fishman, E. & Cherry, C. | Transport Reviews | 2015 | |
Health and Wellness | Jones, T., Harms, L., & Heinen, E. | Journal of Transport Geography | 2016 | Motives, perceptions and experiences of electric bicycle owners and implications for health, wellbeing and mobility. |
Health and Wellness | Kruijf, J., Ettema, D., & Dijst, M. | American Society of Civil Engineers Beijing Univ. Technol. Beijing Univ. Technol. | 2018 | A longitudinal evaluation of satisfaction with e-cycling in daily commuting in the Netherlands. |
Health and Wellness | Langford, B., Cherry, C., Bassett, D., Fitzhugh, E., & Dhakal, N. | Journal of Transport and Health | 2017 | Comparing physical activity of pedal-assist electric bikes with walking and conventional bicycles. |
Health and Wellness | Langford, B., Cherry, C., Bassett, D., Fitzhugh, E., & Nirbesh, D. | Journal of Transport & Health | 2017 | Comparing physical activity of pedal-assist electric bikes with walking and conventional bicycles. |
Health and Wellness | MacArthur, J., Dill, J., & Person, M. | Oregon Transportation Research and Education Consortium | 2014 | Electric Bikes in North America: Results of an Online Survey |
Health and Wellness | Meyer, D., Steffan, M., & Senner, V. | Procedia Engineering | 2014 | Impact of Electrical Assistance on Physiological Parameters During Cycling. |
Health and Wellness | Sudfor, H., Fyhri, A. | BMC Public Health | 2017 | A push for public health: the effect of e-bikes on physical activity levels. |
Health and Wellness | Van Cauwenberg, J., de Bourdeaudhuij, I., Clarys, P., & de Geus, B. | Transportation | 2018 | E-bikes among older adults: benefits, disadvantages, usage and crash characteristics. |
Safety | Adair, P., Ayers, S., Bathalon, S., Edwards, P., Lee, D., LaRue, D., McCallion, R., Khanna, R., & Thomas, T. | US Consumer Product Safety Commission | 2020 | |
Safety | Baschera, D., Jäger, D., Preda, R., & Z'Graggen, W. | World Neurosurgery | 2019 | Comparison of the incidence and severity of traumatic brain injury caused by E-bike and bicycle accidents – Retrospective cohort study from a Swiss level I trauma center. |
Safety | Cherry, C., MacArthur, J. | People for Bikes | 2019 | E-Bike Safety: A Review of Empirical European and North American Studies. |
Safety | Clark, A. | Journal of Transport & Health | 2017 | New Types of Electric Pedal-Assisted Cycles (EPACs) As a Form of Active Mobility. |
Safety | Dawson, A. | Bicycling.com | 2019 | E-Bike Battery Explodes, Burning 79-Year-Old Cyclist and Causing Bushfire. |
Safety | DiMaggio, C., Bukur, M., Wall, S., Frangos, S., & Wen, A. | BMJ Injury Prevention | 2019 | Injuries associated with electric-powered bikes and scooters: analysis of US consumer product data. |
Safety | Dozza, M. | Proceedings, International Cycling Safety Conference | 2013 | e‐BikeSAFE: A Naturalistic Cycling Study to Understand how Electrical Bicycles Change Cycling Behaviour and Influence Safety. |
Safety | Dozza, M., Piccinini, G., & Werneke, J. | Transportation Research: Part F | 2016 | |
Safety | Eriksson, J., Forsman, Forsman, Å., Niska, A., Gustafsson, S., & Sörensen, G. | Traffic Injury Prevention | 2019 | An analysis of cyclists' speed at combined pedestrian and cycle path. |
Safety | Gogola, M. | IEEE | 2018 | |
Safety | Hertach, P., Uhr, A., Niemann, S., & Cavegn, M. | Accident Analysis & Prevention | 2018 | Characteristics of single-vehicle crashes with e-bikes in Switzerland. |
Safety | Hu, F., Lv, D., Zhu, J., & Fang, J. | Traffic Injury Prevention | 2014 | Related Risk Factors for Injury Severity of E-bike and Bicycle Crashes in Hefei. |
Safety | Hu, L., Hu, X., Kuang, A., Hao, W., & Lin, M. | Applied Mechanics and Materials | 2020 | Casualty risk of e-bike rider struck by passenger vehicle using China in-depth accident data. |
Safety | Huertas-Levya, P., Dozza, M., & Baldanzini, N. | Transportation Research: Part F | 2018 | Investigating cycling kinematics and braking maneuvers in the real world. |
Safety | Langford, B. | Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange | 2013 | A comparative health and safety analysis of electric-assist and regular bicycles in an on-campus bicycle sharing system. |
Safety | Langford, B.C., Chen, J., & Cherry, C. | Accident Analysis & Prevention | 2015 | |
Safety | Ma, C., Zhou, J., Yang, D., & Fan, Y. | Sustainability (2071-1050) | 2020 | Research on the Relationship between the Individual Characteristics of Electric Bike Riders and Illegal speeding Behavior. |
Safety | Ma, C., Zhou, J., Yang, D., & Fan, Y. | MDPI | 2020 | Research on the Relationship between the Individual Characteristics of Electric Bike Riders and Illegal Speeding Behavior: A Questionnaire-Based Study |
Safety | N/A | Royal Automobile Club of Victoria | 2015 | |
Safety | People for Bikes | People for Bikes. | 2018 | |
Safety | Petzoldt, T., Schleinitz, K., Heilmann, S., & Gehlert, T. | Transportation Research Part F | 2017 | Traffic conflicts and their contextual factors when riding conventional vs. electric bicycles. |
Safety | Pohl, J. | AZCentral.com | 2018 | 'Personal drone' sparks 335-acre wildfire north of Flagstaff. |
Safety | Schepers, J. P., Fishman, E., den Hertog, P., Wolt, K. K., & Schwab, A. L | Accident Analysis & Prevention | 2014 | The safety of electrically assisted bicycles compared to classic bicycles. |
Safety | Schepers, P., Wolt, K.K., & Fishman, E. | International Transport Forum | 2018 | |
Safety | Schleinitz, K., Petzoldt, T., Franke-Bartholdt, L, Krems, J., & Gehlert, T. | Safety Science | 2017 | The German Naturalistic Cycling Study – Comparing cycling speed of riders of different e-bikes and conventional bicycles. |
Safety | Vlakveld, W.P., Twisk, D., Christoph, M., Boele, M., Sikkema, R., Remy, R., & Schwab, A.L. | Accident Prevention and Analysis | 2015 | Speed choin e-bikes in simple and complex traffic situations: A field experiment. |
Safety | Weber, T., Scaramuzza, G., & Schmitt, K.-U. | Accident Analysis and Prevention | 2014 | |
Safety | Yang, H., Liu, X., Su, F., Cherry, C., Liu, Y., & Li, Yanlai | Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour | 2018 | |
User Conflict | Baechle, J. & Kressler, K. | Arizona Trail Association | 2020 | Perceptions of Conflict Surrounding Future E-bike Use on the Arizona Trail. |
User Conflict | Bicycle Product Suppliers Association | Bicycle Product Suppliers Association | 2017 | PfB eMTB Bicycle Product Suppliers Association Intercept Study |
User Conflict | Blahna, D.J., Smith, K.S., & Anderson, J.A. | Leisure Sciences | 1995 | Backcountry Llama Packing: Visitor Perceptions of Acceptability and Conflict. |
User Conflict | Bureau of Land Management & International Mountain Bicycling Association | International Mountain Bicycling Association | 2018 | Guidelines for a Quality Trail Experience: Mountain Bike Trail Guidelines. |
User Conflict | Chaney, R., Hall, P., Crowder, A., Crookston, B., & West, J. | Sport Sciences for Health | 2019 | Mountain biker attitudes and perceptions of eMTBs (electric‐mountain bikes). |
User Conflict | Chaney, R.A., Hall, P.C., Crowder, A.R., Crookston, B.T., & West, J.H. | Sport Sciences for Health | 2019 | |
User Conflict | Devall, B. & Harry, J. | Leisure Sciences | 1981 | Who Hates Whom in the Great Outdoors: The Impact of Recreational Specialization and Technologies of Play. |
User Conflict | Hammit, W.E., McDonald, C.D., & Hughes, J.L. | Proceedings--National Wilderness Research Conference: Current Research USDA Forest Service General Technical Report | 1986 | Experience Level and Participation Motives of Winter Wilderness Users. |
User Conflict | Hopkin, T.E. & Moore, R.L. | USDA | 1994 | The Relationship of Recreation Specialization to the Setting Preferences of Mountain Bicyclists. |
User Conflict | Jacob, G. & Schreyer, R. | Journal of Leisure Research | 1980 | |
User Conflict | Jefferson County Colorado Open Space | Jefferson County Colorado Open Space | 2017 | |
User Conflict | MacArthur, J., Harpool, M. Scheppke, D., & Cherry, C. | Transportation Research and Education Center | 2018 | |
User Conflict | Manning, R.E. | Oregon State University Pres | 1999 | Recreation Conflict: Goal Interference,” in Studies in Outdoor Recreation: Search and Research for Satisfaction. |
User Conflict | Mayer, A. | International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development | 2019 | Motivations and barriers to electric bike use in the U.S.: views from online forum participants. |
User Conflict | Mcleod, K. | League of American Bicyclists | 2015 | Electric Bicycles: Public Perceptions & Policy. Results and Analysis of a National Survey of American Bicyclists. |
User Conflict | Mcleod, K. | League of American Bicyclists | 2015 | Electric Bicycles: Public Perceptions & Policy. Results and Analysis of a National Survey of American Bicyclists. |
User Conflict | Moore, R.L. | US Federal Highway Administration and the National Recreational Trails Advisory Committee | 1994 | Conflicts on Multi-Use Trails: Synthesis of the Literature and State of the Practice. |
User Conflict | PeopleForBikes, Bicycle Product Suppliers Association, & Bureau of Land Management | PeopleForBikes, Bicycle Product Suppliers Association, & Bureau of Land Management | 2017 | |
User Conflict | Plazier, P., Weitkamp, G., & van der Berg, A. | Journal of Transport Geography | 2017 | “Cycling was never so easy!”. An analysis of e-bike commuters’ motives, travel behaviour and experience using GPS-tracking and interview. |
User Conflict | Watson, A., Williams, D., & Daigle, J. | Journal of Park and Recreation Administration | 1991 | “Sources of Conflict between Hikers and Mountain Bike Riders in the Rattlesnake NRA." |
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This is an interactive version of the NPS study. We have copied the text of the study verbatim on this page under Section 105 of the U.S. Copyright Act. The text and conclusions of the study are those of the NPS.
Krista Sherwood (Conservation & Outdoor Recreation Division) and Wayne Emington (Park Facility Management Division) are the points of contact for this outstanding literature review. The NPS is not affiliated or associated with E-bike Lovers.
Download the NPS study here.
